The term “hex” comes from the German word “hexe,” which means witch. It became part of American language and culture through German-speaking immigrants, especially in Pennsylvania. In early American folk traditions, a hex referred to a magickal practice used to influence, protect, or sometimes harm a person, family, or property. The person who performed these rituals was often called a hex-doctor or “powwow doctor,” using intention, ritual, and symbols to direct energy toward a specific goal.
Although hexes are often linked to negative intentions—such as causing illness or misfortune—they have also been used for positive reasons. In some traditions, the same methods used to curse can also be used to heal, protect, or bring good luck. For example, a hex might be cast to keep away evil, help someone recover from sickness, or attract prosperity. This shows that in folk magick, the intent and context matter; the same ritual can be helpful or harmful, depending on the purpose.
One of the most well-known examples of hex-craft in America comes from the Pennsylvania Dutch, who are descendants of German-speaking settlers from the 17th and 18th centuries. For these communities, hex-craft—sometimes called “Braucherei” or “Powwow”—was a regular part of life. Early settlers faced difficult conditions, limited resources, and frequent threats like illness or disaster. Magickal practices, including hexes, were seen as practical tools for survival, offering protection, healing, and a sense of control over uncertain situations.
The most recognizable part of Pennsylvania Dutch magick is the hex sign: a colorful, geometric symbol painted on barns, homes, and shops in rural Pennsylvania. These signs, which have been around since at least the early 1800s, are full of meaning. Common designs include stars, hearts, tulips, birds, and rosettes, each with its own symbolism—such as protection, fertility, love, or abundance. Like the veves in Voodoo, hex signs are not just decorations; they are believed to channel spiritual forces and express the intentions of those who make or display them.
Historically, hex signs served both practical and spiritual roles. Farmers might paint a hex sign to protect their animals, ensure a good harvest, or guard their property from harm. Some signs were meant to attract good things, while others were designed to keep away negativity or even return a curse. Over time, hex-craft has changed, blending Christian prayers, folk medicine, and European pagan traditions. Today, many people see hex signs as a way to celebrate cultural heritage, though some still use them for their original magickal purposes.
In summary, hexes and hex-craft are a complex part of American folk magick. Their roots are in the mix of old European beliefs and new American challenges, and their uses have ranged from harmful to healing. The Pennsylvania Dutch have kept these traditions alive and adapted them, leaving a rich legacy that continues to interest and inspire those who explore the magickal arts.
